Better catch them young, but how?

A multilingual approach to dialects in education in North Brabant

Author(s)

  • Kristel Doreleijers Tilburg University/Meertens Instituut

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51751/dujal11407

Keywords:

dialect education, multilingual education, language awareness, language reflection, dialects and regional languages, language curriculum

Abstract

This paper discusses the state of affairs of dialect education in the southern Dutch province of North Brabant. The dialects spoken here lack formal recognition. Therefore, the province pursues a heritage policy that protects and promotes the dialects as cultural capital. However, a recent questionnaire among teachers and material developers has revealed that local and provincial initiatives for dialect education have not yet been implemented in a sustainable way in primary and secondary education (Doreleijers, 2021). Although teachers indicate willingness to implement dialect in education, there is a lack of knowledge of existing materials and a discrepancy between demand and the quality of supply. The aim of this paper is to look for ways to implement non-recognized dialects in the curriculum. It argues that the current situation in North Brabant can be improved by integrating dialects into the holistic model for multilingualism in education (Duarte & Günther-van der Meij, 2018).

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aalberse, S., & Muysken, P. (2019). Heritage speakers and heritage languages. In S. Aalberse, A. Backus, & P. Muysken (Eds.), Heritage languages: A language contact approach (pp. 1-18). John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Ager, D. (2005). Image and prestige planning. Current issues in language planning, 6(1), 1-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664200508668271

Agha, A. (2007). Language and Social Relations. Cambridge University Press.

Auer, P. (2005). Europe’s sociolinguistic unity, or: A typology of European dialect/standard constellations. In N. Delbecque, J. Van der Auwera, & D. Geeraerts (Eds.), Perspectives on variation (pp. 7-42). Mouton de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110909579.7

Auer, P. (2011). Dialect vs. standard: a typology of scenarios in Europe. In B. Kortmann, & J. Van der Auwera (Eds.), The languages and linguistics of Europe: A comprehensive guide (pp. 485-500). Mouton de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110220261.485

Baker, C. (2011). Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism. Multilingual Matters.

Britain, D. (2009). One foot in the grave? Dialect death, dialect contact, and dialect birth in England. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 196/197, 121-155. https://doi.org/10.1515/IJSL.2009.019

Canagarajah, S. (2011). Translanguaging in the classroom: Emerging issues for research and pedagogy. Applied Linguistics Review, 2, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110239331.1

Candelier, M. (Ed.) (2010). FREPA/CARAP: Framework of reference for pluralistic approaches to languages and cultures. Council of Europe. https://carap.ecml.at/Portals/11/documents/CARAP-version3-EN-28062010.pdf

Candelier, M. (2017). “Awakening to Languages” and Educational Language Policy. In J. Cenoz, D. Gorter, & S. May (Eds.), Language awareness and multilingualism (pp. 161-172). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02240-6_12

Candelier, M., & Andrade, A. I. (2004). Janua linguarum: The gateway to languages: The introduction of language awareness into the curriculum: awakening to languages (Vol. 1). Council of Europe.

Carter, R. (2003). Language awareness. ELT journal, 57(1), 64-65.

CBS - Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (2021). Jongeren (0 tot 25 jaar); geslacht, leeftijd, migratieachtergrond, regio’s, 13 August 2021. https://jmopendata.cbs.nl/#/JM/nl/dataset/71009NED/table?fromstatweb

Cornips, L. (2020). Dialect acquisition by ‘new speakers’ of Dutch and their linguistic othering. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2020.1730384

Cornips, L., Marzo, S., & Swanenberg, J. (2018). Processen van place-making door talige praktijken in Tilburg, Heerlen en Genk: Parodie van de Braboneger en Getske Boys, en het cités [Processes of place-making through linguistic practices in Tilburg, Heerlen and Genk: Parody of the Braboneger and Getske Boys, and Cité]. Taal & Tongval, 70(2), 149-177. https://doi.org/10.5117/TET2018.2.CORN

Council of Europe (1992). European charter for regional or minority languages. Explanatory report. Strasbourg. https://www.coe.int/en/web/european-charter-regional-or-minority-languages?

Council of Europe (2001). Common European Framework of Reference for languages: Learning, teaching, assessment. Cambridge University Press. https://www.coe.int/en/web/common-european-framework-reference-languages

Council of Europe (2020). Common European Framework of Reference for languages: Learning, teaching, assessment - Companion volume. Council of Europe Publishing. https://www.coe.int/en/web/common-european-framework-reference-languages

Curriculum.nu (2019). Leergebied Nederlands. Voorstel voor de basis van de herziening van de kerndoelen en eindtermen van leraren en schoolleiders uit het ontwikkelteam Nederlands [Curriculum Dutch: Proposal for the basis of the revision of the core objectives and attainment targets by teachers and school leaders from the Dutch development team]. Curriculum.nu. https://www.curriculum.nu/

De Graaf, A., Delarue, S., & De Coninck, K. (2019). Antwoorden op vragen over omgaan met meertaligheid in het onderwijs in het Nederlandse taalgebied [Answers to questions on dealing with multilingualism in education in the Dutch language area]. Meertalig.nl, Meertalig.be, Nederlandse Taalunie. https://taalunie.org/publicaties/53/antwoorden-op-vragen-over-omgaan-met-meertaligheid-in-het-onderwijs-in-het-nederlandse-taalgebied

Delarue, S. & Zwart, W. (2022). Voorbij de klassieke standaardtaalnorm: talenbewust lesgeven via de kracht van dialecten en streektalen op school [Beyond the classic standard language norm: language-aware teaching through the power of dialects and regional languages in schools]. In J. Duarte, M. Günther-van der Meij, F. De Backer, C. Frijns, & B. Gezelle Meerburg (Eds.), Talenbewust lesgeven: Aan de slag met talige diversiteit in het basisonderwijs (pp. 157-176). Uitgeverij Coutinho.

Doreleijers, K. (2021). Dialect in het onderwijs? Een verkennend onderzoek naar aandacht en animo voor dialecteducatie met een focus op Noord-Brabant [Dialect in education? An exploratory study on attention and enthusiasm for dialect education with a focus on North Brabant]. Erfgoed Brabant. https://www.erfgoedbrabant.nl/nieuws/2021/publieksrapport-dialect-in-het-onderwijs/

Doreleijers, K., Koppen, M. van, & Swanenberg, J. (2020). De dynamiek van geslachtsmarkering in de Noord-Brabantse dialecten [The dynamics of gender marking in the North Brabantish dialects]. Taal & Tongval, 72(1), 69-116. https://doi.org/10.5117/TET2020.1.DORE

Doreleijers, K., Piepers, J., Backus, A., & Swanenberg, J. (2021). Language variation in dialect-standard contact situations. Applications of Cognitive Linguistics, 175-185. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110733945-015

Driessen, G. (2006). Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995-2003 [Developments in the use of regional languages and dialects from 1995 to 2003]. Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen, 75(1), 103-113. https://doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.75.10dri

Duarte, J. (2019). Translanguaging in mainstream education: A sociocultural approach. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 22(2), 150-164. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2016.1231774

Duarte, J., & Günther-van der Meij, M. (2018). A holistic model for multilingualism in education. EuroAmerican Journal of Applied Linguistics and Languages, 5(2), 24-43. https://doi.org/10.21283/2376905X.9.153

García, O., & Wei, L. (2014). Translanguaging: Language, bilingualism, and education. Palgrave MacMillan.

Giesbers, H., Kroon, S., & Liebrand, R. (1988). Bidialectalism and primary school achievement in a Dutch dialect area. Language and Education, 2(2), 77-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500788809541226

Goeman, T., & Jongenburger, W. (2009). Dimension and determinants of dialect use in The Netherlands at the individual and regional levels at the end of the twentieth century. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 196/197, 31-72. https://doi.org/10.1515/IJSL.2009.016

Gorter, D., & Cenoz, J. (2012). Regional minorities, education and language revitalization. In M. Martin-Jones, A. Blackledge, & A. Creese (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Multilingualism (pp. 184-198). Routledge. 10.4324/9780203154427.ch10

Günther-van der Meij, M., Duarte, J., & Coret-Bergstra, M. (2020). Meertalig voortgezet onderwijs voor iedereen [Multilingual secondary education for everyone]. Levende Talen Magazine, 6, 16-20.

Haarmann, H. (1990). Language planning in the light of a general theory of language: A methodological framework. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 86, 103-126. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1990.86.103

Hagen, A., & Vallen, T. (1974). Dialect, standaardtaal en school. De Nederlandse literatuur van heemtaalkunde tot sociolinguïstiek I [Dialect, standard language and school. Dutch literature from local historical linguistics to sociolinguistics I]. Mededelingen van de Nijmeegse Centrale voor Dialect en Naamkunde, XIII, 14-44.

Hagen, A., & Vallen, T. (1976). Dialect, standaardtaal en school; de Nederlandse literatuur van heemtaalkunde tot sociolinguistiek II: (Taal) didactische literatuur [Dialect, standard language and school. Dutch literature from local historical linguistics to sociolinguistics II: (Language) educational literature]. Mededelingen van de Nijmeegse Centrale voor Dialect− en Naamkunde, XV, 41-65.

Hélot, C., Frijns, C., Van Gorp, K., & Sierens, S. (2018). Language awareness in multilingual classrooms in Europe: From theory to practice. De Gruyter Mouton.

Hinskens, F. (2014). Despite or because of intensive contact? Internal, external and extralinguistic aspects of divergence in modern dialects and ethnolects of Dutch. In K. Braunmüller, S. Höder, & K. Kühl (Eds.), Stability and divergence in language contact: Factors and mechanisms (pp. 109-140). John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Hoppenbrouwers, C. (1990). Het regiolect: van dialect tot Algemeen Nederlands [The regiolect (‘regional dialect’): from dialect to General Dutch]. Coutinho.

Horner, B., Lu, M-Z., Royster, J., & Timbur, J. (2011). Language difference in writing: Toward a translingual approach. College English, 73, 303-321.

Janssen, F., Hulshof, H., & Veen, K. van (Eds.) (2019). Wat is echt de moeite waard om te onderwijzen? Een perspectiefgerichte benadering [What is really worth teaching? A perspective-based approach]. Universiteit Leiden/Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. http://www.talenteducation.eu/toolkitforteachers/practicaldifferentiation/assets/efaff666c4/wat-is-echt-de-moeite-waard-om-te-onderwijzen-concept.pdf

Johnson, D. C., & Ricento, T. (2013). Conceptual and theoretical perspectives in language planning and policy: Situating the ethnography of language policy. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2013(219), 7-21. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2013-0002

Jonckheere, S. (2011). Talensensibilisering in het basisonderwijs: Op een positieve manier omgaan met talen in de klas [Linguistic sensitivity in primary education: Dealing positively with languages in the classroom]. Tijdschrift Taal, 2(3), 34-41.

Kerswill, P., & Trudgill, P. (2005). The birth of new dialects. In P. Auer, F. Hinskens, & P. Kerswill (Eds.), Dialect change: Convergence and divergence in European languages (pp. 196-220). Cambridge University Press.

KNAW (2018). Talen voor Nederland. KNAW.

Kraaykamp, G. (2005). Dialect en sociale ongelijkheid: een empirische studie naar de sociaal-economische gevolgen van het spreken van dialect in de jeugd [Dialect and social inequality: an empirical study of the socio-economic consequences of speaking dialect during childhood]. Pedagogische Studiën, 82, 390-403.

Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2004). Dialect en school in Limburg [Dialect and school in Limburg]. Aksant Academic Publishers.

Kroon, S., & Vallen, T. (2009). Discoursen over dialect en school [Discourses about dialect and school]. In J. Jaspers (Ed.), De klank van de stad. Stedelijke meertaligheid en interculturele communicatie (pp. 165-182). Leuven/Den Haag: Acco.

Kroon, S., & Spotti, M. (2011). Immigrant minority language teaching policies and practices in The Netherlands: Policing dangerous multilingualism. In V. Domovic, S. Gehrmann, M. Krüger-Potratz, & A. Petravić (Eds.), Europäische Bildung. Konzepte und Perspektiven aus fünf Ländern (pp. 87-103). Waxmann.

Lenz, A. (2004). Hyperforms and variety barriers. Language Variation in Europe. Papers from ICLaVE 2, Uppsala University, 281-293.

Makarova, I., Duarte, J., & Huilcán, M.I. (2021). Experts’ views on the contribution of language awareness and translanguaging for minority language education. Language Awareness, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2021.1963976

Meesterschapsteam Nederlands (2021). Bewuste geletterdheid in perspectief: kennis, vaardigheden en inzichten [Conscious literacy in perspective: knowledge, skills and insights]. https://nederlands.vakdidactiekgw.nl/publicaties/

Mutsaers, P., & Swanenberg, J. (2012). Super-diversity at the margins? Youth language in North Brabant, The Netherlands. Sociolinguistic studies, 6(1), 65-89. https://doi.org/10.1558/sols.v6.i1.65

Nortier, J. (2009). Nederland meertalenland: Feiten, perspectieven en meningen over meertaligheid [Netherlands multilingual country: facts, perspectives and opinions on multilingualism]. Amsterdam University Press.

OCW - Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap (2006). Kerndoelenboekje basisonderwijs [core objectives booklet primary education]. DeltaHage. https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/rapporten/2006/04/28/kerndoelenboekje

OCW - Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap (2009). Referentiekader taal en rekenen. De referentieniveaus [Reference framework for language and mathematics. The reference levels]. Enschede: Doorlopende leerlijnen Taal en Rekenen. https://www.slo.nl/thema/vakspecifieke-thema/nederlands/referentiekader-taal/

OCW - Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap (2010). Kerndoelen onderbouw voortgezet onderwijs [Core objectives for lower secondary education]. https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/besluiten/2010/09/17/kerndoelen-onderbouw-voortgezet-onderwijs

Offermans, P. (2005). Opvattingen over dialect en school. Een onderzoek bij studenten en docenten van Pabo’s in Limburg [Perceptions of dialect and school. A survey among students and teachers at Pabos (teacher training) in Limburg]. [Doctoraalscriptie]. Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen.

O’Rourke, B., Pujolar, J., & Ramallo, F. (2015). New speakers of minority languages: the challenging opportunity - Foreword. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2015(231), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2014-0029

Rittle-Johnson, B., & Star, J. (2011). The power of comparison in learning and instruction: Learning outcomes supported by different types of comparison. Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Cognition in Education, 55, 199-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387691-1.00007-7

Rys, K. (2009). Dialect als tweede taal: geeft dat een toekomst? [Dialect as a second language: does that give a future?] In R. van Hout, V. De Tier, & J. Swanenberg (Eds.), Dialect, van schoot tot school? Lezingen gehouden op de derde internationale streektaalconferentie in Rilland op 6 juni 2008 (pp. 27-36). Stichting Nederlandse Dialecten.

Schils, T., Cornips, L., Blom, E., & Feron, J. (2020). Wat is de invloed van dialect op schoolprestaties? [How does dialect affect school performance?] LBBO Beter Begeleiden, 10(3), 30-33.

Schmeets, H., & Cornips, L. (2021). Welke talen en dialecten spreken we thuis en gebruiken we op sociale media? [What languages and dialects do we speak at home and use on social media?] Statistische Trends, 5(23), 1-19.

Schmeets, H., & Cornips, L. (2022). Taaldiversiteit in Nederland [Linguistic diversity in the Netherlands]. Taal & Tongval, 74(1), 75-106. https://doi.org/10.5117/TET2022.1.004.SCHM

SLO - Nationaal expertisecentrum leerplanontwikkeling (2021). Basistaal: taalgeweten en taalbewustzijn [Basic language: linguistic conscience and linguistic awareness]. https://www.slo.nl/thema/vakspecifieke-thema/nederlands/basistaal/algemeen/taalgeweten/

Stijnen, P. J., & Vallen, T. (1981). Dialect als onderwijsprobleem: een sociolinguïstisch-onderwijskundig onderzoek naar problemen van dialectsprekende kinderen in het basisonderwijs [Dialect as an educational problem: a sociolinguistic educational study on problems of dialect-speaking children in primary education]. SVO/Staatsuitgeverij.

Svalberg, A. M. (2007). Language awareness and language learning. Language Teaching, 40(4), 287-308. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444807004491

Swanenberg, J. (2006). Trots op je taal! Gruts, grootsig, freed op oe(w) dialect! [Proud of your language! ‘Gruts’, ‘grootsig’, ‘freed’ on your dialect!] Stichting het Brabants.

Swanenberg, J. (2010). Dialect in het onderwijs? Dat kan platter! [Dialect in education? It can be more vulgar!] In S. Vanhooren, & A. Mottart (Eds.), Vierentwintigste conferentie Het Schoolvak Nederlands (pp. 151-154). Academia Press.

Swanenberg, J. (2011). “Jouw broertje is Turk?” Taal en identiteit onder jongeren in Noord-Brabant [“Your little brother is Turkish?” Language and identity among young people in North Brabant]. In Brabant: Tijdschrift voor Brabants Heem en Erfgoed, 2(4), 28-41.

Swanenberg, J. (2013). All dialects are equal, but some dialects are more equal than others. Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies, 43.

Swanenberg, J. (2014). Het nieuwste Brabants. Taalgebruik van jonge en nieuwe Brabanders [The newest Brabantish. Language use of young and new Brabantish speakers]. In W. van de Donk, & J. Janssen (Eds.), Het Nieuwste Brabant (pp. 425-444). Uitgeverij Lecturis.

Swanenberg, J. (2017). Brabants dialect op Facebook en Twitter [Brabantish dialect on Facebook and Twitter]. In V. De Tier, T. van de Wijngaard, & A-S. Ghyselen (Eds.), Taalvariatie en sociale media (pp. 25-32). SND/Variaties.

Swanenberg, J. (2019). Streektaalbeleid in Noord-Brabant [Regional language policy in North Brabant]. Erfgoed Brabant. https://www.erfgoedbrabantacademie.nl/media/inline/2019/9/5/beleidsdocument_brabantse_dialecten-360669896.pdf

Swanenberg, J. (2020a). Out of order: Authenticity and normativity in communication at school. In S. Kroon, & J. Swanenberg (Eds.), Chronotopic identity work: Sociolinguistic analyses of cultural and linguistic phenomena in time and space (pp. 156-176). Multilingual Matters.

Swanenberg, J. (2020b). Does dialect loss give more or less variation? On dialect leveling and language creativity. In Y. Asahi (Ed.), Proceedings of Methods XVI. Papers from the Sixteenth International Conference on Methods in Dialectology (pp. 65-74). Peter Lang.

Swanenberg, J., & Hout, R. van (2013). Recent developments in the mid southern dialects. In F. Hinskens, & J. Taeldeman (Eds.), Language and Space, Vol. 3: Dutch (pp. 319-335). Mouton de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110261332.319

Taalunie (2020). Standaardtaal en talige diversiteit in het onderwijs. Advies over de omgang met taalvariatie, meertaligheid en het Standaardnederlands in het onderwijs in Nederland en Vlaanderen [Standard language and linguistic diversity in education. Advice on dealing with language variation, multilingualism and Standard Dutch in education in the Netherlands and Flanders]. https://taalunie.org/dossiers/69/standaardtaal-en-talige-diversiteit-in-het-onderwijs

Taeldeman, J. (2003). Aan uw taal heb ik u herkend. Over sjibboletvorming in de Nederlandse dialecten [By your language I have recognized you. On shibboleth formation in Dutch dialects]. In V. De Tier, & R. Vandekerckhove (Eds.), Aan taal herkend. Het bewustzijn van dialectverschil (pp. 17-44). Stichting Nederlandse Dialecten.

Ten Thije, J., & Zeevaert, L. (2007). Receptive multilingualism: Linguistic analyses, language policies and didactic concepts. John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Van Beuningen, C. V., & Polišenská, D. (2019). Meertaligheid in het voortgezet onderwijs; Een inventarisatiestudie naar opvattingen en praktijken van talendocenten [Multilingualism in secondary education; An inventory study of perceptions and practices of language teachers]. Levende Talen Tijdschrift, 20(4), 25-36.

Vandekerckhove, R., & Britain, D. (2009). Dialects in western Europe: A balanced picture of language death, innovation, and change. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2009(196-187), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1515/IJSL.2009.014

Van den Broek, E., & Dielemans, R. (2017). Bewuste taalvaardigheid in de klas [Conscious language proficiency in the classroom]. Levende Talen Magazine, 104(4), 12-16.

Van den Nieuwenhof, M., Slik, F. van der, & Driessen, G. (2004). Dialect en taalvaardigheid Nederlands: recent onderzoek [Dialect and Dutch language proficiency: recent research]. Studies in Meertaligheid, 5, 55-73.

Van Hout, R., De Tier, V., & Swanenberg, J. (Eds.). (2009). Dialect, van schoot tot school? [Dialect, from lap to school?] Lezingen gehouden op de derde internationale streektaalconferentie in Rilland op 6 juni 2008. Stichting Nederlandse Dialecten.

Van Hout, R., & Wijngaard, T., van de (2006). Lang leve de dialecten. Streektaalbeleid in Nederland [Long live the dialects. Regional language policy in the Netherlands]. TIC.

Verhoeven, C. (1994). Herinneringen aan mijn moedertaal [Memories of my mother tongue]. Eburon.

Versloot, A. (2020). Streektaaldood in de Lage Landen [Regional language death in the Low Countries]. Taal en Tongval, 72(1), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.5117/TET2020.1.VERS

Visser, P., Nortier, J., & Swanenberg, J. (2015). Dialect als stereotypering. Regionale identiteit in Noord-Brabant verbeeld en verwoord op Facebook [Dialect as stereotyping. Regional identity in North Brabant portrayed and articulated on Facebook]. In M. Boogaard, B. van den Bogaerde, S. Bacchini, M. Curcic, N. de Jong, E. le Pichon, & L. Rasier (Eds.), Artikelen van de 8e Anéla Conferentie (pp. 111-125). Uitgeverij Eburon.

Wang, X., Spotti, M., Juffermans, K., Cornips, L., Kroon, S., & Blommaert, J. (2014). Globalization in the margins: Toward a re-evalution of language and mobility. Applied Linguistics Review, 5(1), 23-44. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2014-0002

Ziegler, E., & Stern, E. (2014). Delayed benefits of learning elementary algebraic transformations through contrasted comparisons. Learning and Instruction, 33, 131-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2014.04.006

Downloads

Published

2022-12-09

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Better catch them young, but how? A multilingual approach to dialects in education in North Brabant. (2022). Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics, 11. https://doi.org/10.51751/dujal11407